VLCAD deficiency is one of disorders of fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondria and was first reported in 1993 [1]. This disease is a hereditary disease, which shows autosomal recessive inheritance, and the frequency of occurrence is one in 31,500–85,000 births [3, 4]. VLCAD is a long-chain fatty acid-based enzyme that is localized in the mitochondria and catalyzes the first reaction in fatty acid β-oxidation. Healthy people can degrade fatty acids by β-oxidation to supply energy (ATP) when there is a shortage of energy supply from glucose such as from fasting, intense exercise, and infection [5]. However, in a patient with VLCAD deficiency, as β-oxidation is impaired, ATP is not normally produced from fatty acids in the liver and muscles [5]. ATP in such patients is mainly obtained by metabolism of glucose through glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transfer system. In addition, gluconeogenesis is impaired in this disease because acetyl-CoA generated by β-oxidation is required for gluconeogenesis. Significant ATP deficiency in muscles results in rhabdomyolysis. Because fatty acids are not decomposed by β-oxidation, ketones are not produced, resulting in hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and fatty degeneration in any organs due to accumulation of undecomposed fatty acids, which can cause myocardial damage, skeletal muscle weakness, and fatty livers [6]. The degree of residual activity of VLCAD affects the onset of the disease and the severity of symptoms. Patients with little residual activity develop myocardial symptoms (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and liver symptoms (hypoketotic hypoglycemia-Reye syndrome) during the neonatal period [7], patients with moderate residual activity mainly develop liver and skeletal muscle symptoms (rhabdomyolysis) after infancy [8], and patients with relatively high residual activity mainly develop skeletal muscle symptoms after puberty [9].
Since the present case developed skeletal muscle symptoms at the age of 6 years, it was considered that the residual activity of VLCAD remains moderate. In addition, a R450H ACADVL gene mutation found in this case is often found in patients with skeletal muscle symptoms [10].
The ultimate goal of anesthetic management in a patient with VLCAD deficiency is to prevent rhabdomyolysis by supplying sufficient glucose and suppressing the increase in energy demand. In order to accomplish this purpose, adequate glucose supply and avoidance of increased energy demand by postoperative shivering are necessary. More stringent management of glucose supply and energy demand is required when residual activity of VLCAD is reduced. In this case, supplementation of intravenous glucose infusion was performed continuously from the start of fasting 6 h before the surgery to the start of oral intake. Blood glucose levels ranged from 108 to 190 mg dL−1 and did not result in hypoglycemia (Table 1).
Shivering generates heat by involuntary movements of skeletal muscles. If the energy demand of skeletal muscles markedly increases, then rhabdomyolysis may occur in the patients. Therefore, the body surface was actively warmed during anesthesia, and the body temperature was maintained around 36.5 °C (Table 1). Fortunately, we were able to achieve our purpose. As a result, no increase in creatine kinase or expression of myoglobinuria was observed during anesthesia (Table 1) and rhabdomyolysis did not occur.
As for anesthetics, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, and opioids have been previously used without problems [6, 11,12,13]. Propofol was not selected in the present case because it contains long-chain fatty acids in the solvent [6, 13]. There have been conflicting results of using inhaled anesthetics for patients with VLCAD deficiency. A few papers advised avoidance of inhaled anesthetics for these patients, because some patients with VLCAD deficiency developed rhabdomyolysis during anesthesia with inhaled anesthetics [12, 14]. However, the rhabdomyolysis seemed to be induced not by inhaled anesthetics but by inadequate supply of carbohydrate. Kleemann et al. [15] measured plasma concentration of free fatty acids as a marker of catabolism secondary to stress during enflurane anesthesia in patients without VLCAD deficiency and reported that free fatty acids transiently increased around tracheal intubation, but decreased 10 min following the start of enflurane and intraoperatively, suggesting that enflurane anesthesia could suppress stress-induced catabolism [15]. Almost all papers demonstrated that inhaled anesthetics were safely used for patients with VLCAD deficiency [6, 13, 16].
Iwata et al. [16] reported an intraoperative lactate increase in a patient with VLCAD deficiency. In the present case, plasma lactate level increased to 1.6 mM, the normal upper limit, at the end of the surgery (Table 1). Thus, if the surgery had been longer and much more invasive, it would have exceeded the normal range. When the plasma lactate level exceeds the normal limit (1.5 mM) in patients with VLCADD during surgery, we should suppress catabolism by means of glucose infusion and attenuation of physical stress, such as blood pressure increase, heart rate increase, and body temperature elevation.
In conclusion, we experienced anesthesia management in a patient with VLCAD deficiency. Continuous glucose administration was used to avoid perioperative hypoglycemia. Body temperature was controlled to avoid shivering, which would otherwise increase skeletal muscle energy needs. Creatine kinase level did not increase, myoglobinuria was not detected, and thus, rhabdomyolysis was unlikely to develop.