Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative opioid group and no intraoperative opioid group in PICU admission and non-PICU admission

All

Without opioid

With opioid

2009–2013; n (%)

n=16

n=43

n=59

 Muscle relaxant (rocuronium, vecuronium or cisatracurium)

4 (25%)

22 (51.2%)

26 (44.1%)

 Dexmedetomidine only

1 (0.63%)

3 (7.0%)

4 (6.8%)

 Both dexmedetomidine/ketamine

4 (25%)

0 (0%)

4 (6.8%)

 Ketamine only

9 (28.8%)

9 (20.9%)

18 (30.5%)

 NSAIDs

4 (25%)

7 (16.3%)

11 (18.6%)

 Acetaminophen

13 (81.3%)

38 (88.4%)

51 (86.4%)

 PICU admission

12 (75%)

35 (81.4%)

47 (79.7%)

2014–2018; n (%)

n = 72

n = 94

n = 166

 Muscle relaxant (rocuronium, vecuronium or cisatracurium)

28 (38.9%)

35 (37.2%)

63 (39.0%)

 Dexmedetomidine only

38 (52.8%)

47 (50%)

85 (51.2%)

 Both dexmedetomidine/ketamine

28 (38.9%)

10 (10.6%)

38 (22.9%)

 Ketamine only

0 (0%)

6 (6.4%)

6 (3.6%)

 NSAIDs

32 (44.4%)

27 (28.7%)

59 (35.5%)

 Acetaminophen

71 (98.6%)

94 (100%)

165 (99.4%)

 PICU admission

44 (61.1%)

37 (39.4%)

81 (48.8%)

Opioid use (mcg/kg)

P value

 Median (Q1, Q3)

Without opioid (n = 88)

With opioid (n = 137)

  (2009–2013)

NA

116.5 (65.3, 182.8)

  (2014–2018)

NA

68.4 (40.3, 119.8)

NA

  (2009–2018)

NA

80.1 (47.4, 129.2)

  (2009–2013)

76.3 (6.2, 219.6)

55.4 (17.6, 117.6)

0.96

  (2014–2018)

0.0 (0.0, 74.1)

34.2 (0.0, 97.5)

0.09

  (2009–2018)

0.0 (0.0, 82.3)

39.1 (0.0, 97.6)

0.06

  (2009–2013)

76.3 (6.2, 219.6)

177.6 (116.7, 271.8)

<0.05^a

  (2014–2018)

0.0 (0.0, 74.1)

120.7 (55.8, 202.8)

<0.001^a

  (2009–2018)

0.0 (0.0, 83.0)

144.4 (72.5, 222.2)

<0.001

Postoperative no opioid; n (%)

46 (52.3%)

43 (31.4%)

<0.05