Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics, coexisting medical conditions, intraoperative characteristics, and surgical procedures by acute kidney injury (N=6296)
Non-AKI (n=5865) | AKI (n=431) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline patient characteristics | ||||
Sex (female), n (%) | 2143 (36.54) | 107 (24.83) | < 0.0001 | |
Age, years | ≥50, <65 | 1515 (25.83) | 90 (20.88) | 0.0840 |
≥65 | 4350 (74.17) | 341 (79.12) | 0.4113 | |
BMI, kg m−2 | <25 | 1621 (27.64) | 127 (29.47) | 0.5769 |
≥25 | 4244 (72.36) | 304 (70.53) | 0.7709 | |
ASAPS, n (%) | 2 | 4955 (84.50) | 326 (75.60) | 0.1555 |
3 | 868 (14.80) | 98 (22.70) | 0.0003 | |
4 | 42 (0.72) | 7 (1.62) | 0.0778 | |
Cardiac medication histories, n (%) | ACE inhibitors | 393 (6.70) | 51 (11.83) | <0.0001 |
ARBs | 1651 (28.15) | 148 (34.34) | 0.0072 | |
Beta blockers | 878 (14.97) | 115 (26.68) | <0.0001 | |
CCBs | 2177 (37.10) | 211 (48.90) | <0.0001 | |
Diuretics | 481 (8.20) | 73 (16.94) | <0.0001 | |
Baseline systolic BP, mmHg | 123 ± 17.8 | 125 ±19.6 | 0.2300a | |
Baseline eGFR, ml min−1 1.73m−2 | 15≤ <45 | 623 (10.62) | 116 (26.91) | <0.0001 |
≥45 | 5242 (89.38) | 315 (73.09) | 0.0094 | |
Coexisting medical conditions | ||||
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 330 (5.63) | 35 (8.12) | 0.0422 | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 3275 (55.84) | 298 (69.14) | <0.0001 | |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 607 (10.35) | 62 (14.39) | 0.0110 | |
Valvular heart disease, n (%) | 401 (6.84) | 42 (9.74) | 0.0292 | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1392 (23.73) | 127 (29.47) | 0.0086 | |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1550 (26.43) | 120 (27.84) | 0.5583 | |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 472 (8.05) | 52 (12.06) | 0.0047 | |
Spinal cord injury, n (%) | 6 (0.10) | 1 (0.23) | 0.9751 | |
COPD, n (%) | 945 (16.11) | 57 (13.23) | 0.1302 | |
Interstitial pneumonia, n (%) | 397 (6.77) | 28 (6.50) | 0.9060 | |
Mixed obstructive and restrictive lung disease, n (%) | 90 (1.53) | 11 (2.55) | 0.1543 | |
Respiratory failure, n (%) | 354 (6.04) | 16 (3.71) | 0.0610 | |
Cirrhosis, n (%) | 53 (0.90) | 11 (2.55) | 0.0023 | |
Coagulopathy, n (%) | 159 (2.71) | 17 (3.94) | 0.1777 | |
Hyperthyroidism, n (%) | 114 (1.94) | 10 (2.32) | 0.7164 | |
Neuromuscular disease, n (%) | 32 (0.55) | 1 (0.23) | 0.5998 | |
Parkinson’s disease, n (%) | 18 (0.31) | 3 (0.70) | 0.3578 | |
Depression, n (%) | 55 (0.94) | 11 (2.55) | 0.0034 | |
Schizophrenia, n (%) | 19 (0.32) | 1 (0.23) | 1.0000 | |
Dementia, n (%) | 62 (1.06) | 3 (0.70) | 0.6392 | |
Ileus, n (%) | 15 (0.26) | 3 (0.70) | 0.2360 | |
Intraoperative factors | ||||
Anesthesia time, min | >60, ≤278 | 1480 (25.23) | 46 (10.67) | <0.0001 |
>278, ≤372 | 1499 (25.56) | 53 (12.30) | <0.0001 | |
>372, ≤501 | 1486 (25.34) | 125 (29.00) | 0.2205 | |
501< | 1400 (23.87) | 207 (48.03) | <0.0001 | |
Hemorrhage, ml | 0 | 1457 (24.84) | 44 (10.21) | <0.0001 |
>0, ≤100 | 1283 (21.88) | 37 (8.58) | <0.0001 | |
>100, ≤330 | 1739 (29.65) | 107 (24.83) | 0.1229 | |
>330 | 1386 (23.63) | 243 (56.83) | <0.0001 | |
Crystalloid, ml kg−1 h−1 | ≥7, <24 | 3950 (67.34) | 263 (61.02) | 0.2380 |
≥24 | 168 (2.86) | 11 (2.55) | 0.8280 | |
≥0, <7 | 1747 (29.78) | 157 (36.42) | 0.0420 | |
0.9% saline, n (%) | 2383 (40.63) | 223 (51.74) | <0.0001 | |
Synthetic colloid, n (%) | 2094 (35.70) | 235 (54.52) | <0.0001 | |
Transfusion, n (%) | RBC | 486 (8.29) | 115 (26.68) | <0.0001 |
FFP | 140 (2.39) | 43 (9.98) | <0.0001 | |
Urine, ml kg−1 h−1 | ≥0.5 | 4475 (76.30) | 314 (72.85) | 0.1188 |
≥0, <0.5 | 1390 (23.70) | 117 (27.15) | 0.2314 | |
Combined epidural anesthesia, n (%) | 2371 (40.43) | 196 (45.48) | 0.0446 | |
Use of arterial catheter, n (%) | 4280 (73.10) | 361 (83.76) | <0.0001 | |
Surgical procedures | ||||
Major abdominal | 1263 (21.53) | 190 (44.08) | <0.0001 | |
Laparoscopic major abdominal | 833 (14.20) | 35 (8.12) | 0.0021 | |
Gynecological | 160 (2.73) | 6 (1.39) | 0.1389 | |
Thoracic | 1566 (26.70) | 42 (9.74) | <0.0001 | |
Major vascular | 617 (10.52) | 94 (21.81) | <0.0001 | |
Peripheral vascular | 205 (3.50) | 12 (2.78) | 0.5354 | |
Neurosurgery | 381 (6.50) | 9 (2.09) | 0.0007 | |
Spinal surgery | 189 (3.22) | 4 (0.93) | 0.0137 | |
Orthopedic surgery | 192 (3.27) | 8 (1.86) | 0.1512 | |
Head and neck | 226 (3.85) | 13 (3.02) | 0.4733 | |
Other high-risk surgeries | 59 (1.01) | 15 (3.48) | <0.0001 | |
Other low-risk surgeries | 174 (2.97) | 3 (0.70) | 0.0108 | |