Table 1 Demographic, preoperative, operative, and postoperative covariates. Summary statistics presented as N (%) of patients, mean ± SD, or median [IQR]
Buprenorphine continued (n=121) | Buprenorphine discontinued (n=199) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Year of surgery, N (%) | 0.001 | ||
2013 | 2 (1.7) | 10 (5.0) | |
2014 | 0 (0) | 10 (5.0) | |
2015 | 3 (2.5) | 12 (6.0) | |
2016 | 8 (6.6) | 19 (9.6) | |
2017 | 13 (10.7) | 33 (16.6) | |
2018 | 19 (15.7) | 36 (18.1) | |
2019 | 43 (35.5) | 34 (17.1) | |
2020 | 33 (27.3) | 45 (22.6) | |
Hospital, N (%) | 0.09 | ||
HMC | 78 (64.5) | 146 (73.4) | |
UWMC | 43 (35.5) | 53 (26.6) | |
Surgery category by body system, N (%) | 0.02 | ||
Digestive | 19 (15.7) | 25 (12.6) | |
Musculoskeletal | 49 (40.5) | 111 (55.8) | |
Integumental | 15 (12.4) | 28 (14.1) | |
Othersa | 38 (31.4) | 35 (17.6) | |
Anesthesia | 0.16 | ||
Regional anesthesia | 27 (22.3) | 32 (16.1) | |
No regional anesthesia | 94 (77.7) | 167 (83.9) | |
Duration of surgery, minutes | 147 ± 112 | 139 ± 116 | 0.56 |
Age, years | 46 ± 16 | 45 ± 13 | 0.53 |
Sex, N (%) | 0.09 | ||
Male | 60 (49.6) | 118 (59.3) | |
Female | 61 (50.4) | 81 (40.7) | |
Ethnicity | 0.94 | ||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 7 (5.8) | 11 (5.5) | |
African American | 9 (7.4) | 20 (10.1) | |
White | 97 (80.1) | 157 (78.9) | |
Others | 6 (2.0) | 8 (4.0) | |
Unknown | 2 (1.7) | 3 (1.5) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 ± 6.3 | 28.0 ± 7.7 | 0.21 |
ASA physical status, N (%) | 0.46 | ||
1/2 | 40 (33.1) | 77 (38.7) | |
3 | 66 (54.5) | 104 (52.3) | |
4/5 | 15 (12.4) | 18 (9.0) | |
Emergency surgery, N (%) | 26 (21.5) | 46 (23.1) | 0.73 |
Medical history, N (%) | |||
Chronic pulmonary disease, N (%) | 34 (28.1) | 53 (26.6) | 0.77 |
Obstructive sleep apnea, N (%) | 44 (36.4) | 62 (31.2) | 0.34 |
Hypertension, N (%) | 36 (29.8) | 58 (29.2) | 0.91 |
Congestive heart failure, N (%) | 9 (7.4) | 10 (5.0) | 0.38 |
Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 12 (9.9) | 26 (13.1) | 0.40 |
Tobacco use, N (%) | 44 (36.4) | 66 (33.2) | 0.56 |
Indication of buprenorphine, N (%) | 0.01 | ||
Chronic pain | 20 (16.5) | 58 (29.1) | |
Opioid use disorder | 101 (83.5) | 141 (70.9) | |
Use of preoperative drugs, N (%) | |||
Benzodiazepine | 19 (15.7) | 41 (20.6) | 0.28 |
Antidepressants | 63 (52.1) | 78 (39.2) | 0.02 |
Gabapentinoids | 42 (34.7) | 82 (41.2) | 0.25 |
Muscle relaxants | 23 (19.0) | 44 (22.1) | 0.51 |
Preoperative daily dose of buprenorphine, mg | 12.0 [8.0–16.0] | 8.0 [8.0–16.0] | 0.06 |
Preoperative daily buprenorphine dose ≥ 16mg | 57 (47.1) | 80 (40.2) | 0.23 |
Intraoperative medications, N (%) | |||
Acetaminophen | 29 (24.0) | 36 (18.1) | 0.21 |
NSAIDs | 18 (14.9) | 20 (10.1) | 0.20 |
Ketamine | 57 (47.1) | 90 (45.2) | 0.74 |
Intraoperative opioid dose in MME | 75 [45–150] | 75 [53–150] | 0.86 |
Postoperative medications (within 48 h after surgery)b, N (%) | |||
Acetaminophen | 107 (88.4) | 186 (93.5) | 0.12 |
NSAIDs | 38 (31.4) | 62 (31.2) | 0.96 |
Gabapentinoids | 70 (57.9) | 109 (54.8) | 0.59 |
Ketamine infusion | 46 (38.0) | 73 (36.7) | 0.81 |
Lidocaine infusion | 24 (19.8) | 35 (17.6) | 0.62 |