Fig. 1

Cognitive recovery of the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale within bilingual volunteers. a Digit forwards, b digits backward, c word recall, and d word generation within the Japanese-English bilingual volunteers across each timepoints of the study. The graphs are displayed as a box and whisker plot with the line being the median, the box showing the interquartile range and the whiskers showing the 5 and 95 percentiles of the data including outliers.*p<0.5 for pairwise comparisons using Kruskal-Wallis H test the non-parametric analysis of K