Fig. 2

Vector flow mapping by transesophageal echocardiography. Vector flow mapping (VFM) of the mid-esophageal long-axis view before (A–D) and after (A'–D') cardiopulmonary bypass. Brightness indicates high energy loss. After the surgery, EL decreased dramatically, especially in the diastolic phase. A,A’:isovolumic contraction phase. B,B’:systolic phase. C,C’:isovolumic relaxation phase. D,D’:Diastolic phase. -1: vector flow mapping image, orange line is scale bar of the vector. -2: Energy loss image. Abbreviations: Ao, aorta; EL, energy loss; Neo Ao, neo aorta; PA, pulmonary artery