Table 1 Preoperative and intraoperative characteristics

Age (yr)

73 [69, 77]

73 [69, 77]

73 [70, 78]

0.38

Male

147 (70.0)

123 (74.5)

24 (53.3)

0.01

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.9 [20.9, 24.8]

23.1 [20.9, 24.7]

21.9 [21.0, 25.9]

0.80

ASA-PS

1

9 (4.3)

7 (4.2)

2 (4.4)

0.73

2

170 (81.0)

135 (81.8)

35 (77.8)

3

31 (14.8)

23 (13.9)

8 (17.8)

Comorbidity

Symptomatic cerebral vascular disease

10 (4.8)

8 (4.8)

2 (4.4)

> 0.99

Hypertension

117 (55.7)

90 (54.5)

27 (60.0)

0.61

Ischemic heart disease

12 (5.7)

11 (6.7)

1 (2.2)

0.46

Peripheral arterial disease

1 (0.5)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

> 0.99

Diabetes

53 (25.2)

40 (24.2)

13 (28.9)

0.56

Medication

β-blocker

11 (5.2)

6 (3.6)

5 (11.1)

0.06

Steroid

3 (1.4)

3 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

> 0.99

Statin

57 (27.1)

42 (25.5)

15 (33.3)

0.34

Serum albumin (g/dL)

4.2 [4.0, 4.4]

4.3 [4.1, 4.5]

4.1 [3.7, 4.2]

<0.001

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

0.80 [0.67, 0.99]

0.81 [0.68, 1.00]

0.77 [0.65, 0.93]

0.18

Inhalation agents

203 (96.7)

160 (97.0)

43 (95.6)

0.64

Intravenous agents

7 (3.3)

5 (3.0)

2 (4.4)

Surgical field

0.13

General

155 (73.8)

121 (73.3)

34 (75.6)

Urologic

49 (23.3)

41 (24.8)

8 (17.8)

Gynecologic

6 (2.9)

3 (1.8)

3 (6.7)

Insertion of arterial catheter

167 (79.5)

129 (78.2)

38 (84.4)

0.41

Total fluid volume (mL)

2300 [1750, 3300]

2250 [1745, 3262]

2500 [1912, 4087]

0.21

Ephedrine (mg)

14.0 [8.0, 24.0]

12.0 [6.0, 24.5]

16.0 [8.0, 21.0]

0.71

Phenylephrine (mg)

0.10 [0.0, 0.75]

0.10 [0.0, 0.56]

0.30 [0.0, 0.85]

0.26

0.06

None

2 (0.9)

1 (0.6)

1 (2.2)

PCEA

95 (45.2)

75 (45.5)

20 (44.4)

IV-PCA

113 (53.8)

89 (53.9)

24 (53.3)

Surgical duration (min)

298 [217, 375]

288 [216, 375]

323 [219, 387]

0.63

Blood loss volume (mL)

66 [17, 250]

51 [15, 225]

165 [65, 290]

0.01

Surgical Apgar score

8.0 [7.0, 8.0]

8.0 [7.0, 8.0]

7.0 [7.0, 8.0]

0.03